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Related Concept Videos

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity.
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
Drift Velocity01:19

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The high speed of electrical signals results from the fact that the force between charges acts rapidly at a distance. Thus, when a free charge is forced into a wire, the incoming charge pushes other charges ahead due to the repulsive force between like charges. These moving charges move the charges farther down the line. The density of charge in a system cannot easily be increased, so the signal is passed on rapidly. The resulting electrical shock wave moves through the system at nearly the...
Insulation Coordination01:23

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Consider a polar dielectric placed in an external field. In such a dielectric, opposite charges on adjacent dipoles neutralize each other, such that the net charge within the dielectric is zero. When a polar dielectric is inserted in between the capacitor plates, an electric field is generated due to the presence of net charges near the edge of the dielectric and the metal plates interface. Since the external electrical field merely aligns the dipoles, the dielectric as a whole is neutral. An...

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The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
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Bursting drops in solid dielectrics caused by high voltages.

Qiming Wang1, Zhigang Suo, Xuanhe Zhao

  • 1Soft Active Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.

Nature Communications
|October 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Electrified drops in solids burst under high electric fields, unlike jets from liquid drops. This discovery reveals a new failure mode for dielectric polymers used in electronics and robotics.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of Fluids
  • Materials Science
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Fluid drops typically form spheres to minimize surface energy.
  • Electrified drops in gases and liquids are known to become unstable and form jets, with applications in ink-jet printing and electrospinning.
  • The behavior of electrified drops in solids has not been previously characterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the instability of electrified drops confined within solid materials.
  • To compare the instability mechanisms of drops in solids versus liquids.
  • To understand the implications for dielectric materials under high electric fields.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of drops within solid matrices subjected to high electric fields.
  • Morphological analysis of drop deformation and bursting.
  • Development of theoretical models incorporating solid elasticity.

Main Results:

  • Drops confined in solids exhibit instability and burst under sufficiently high electric fields.
  • The morphology of instability in solid-confined drops resembles that in liquids.
  • A distinct scaling law for the critical electric field was identified, attributed to the elasticity of the solid matrix.

Conclusions:

  • The study establishes a new phenomenon: electrified drops in solids can burst, differing from jetting in liquids.
  • Solid elasticity significantly influences the critical electric field for drop instability.
  • This finding presents a novel failure mechanism for high energy density dielectric polymers, relevant for energy storage and soft robotics.