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Related Concept Videos

Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...
Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation01:17

Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation

Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
The blood filling the erectile tissues compresses the veins, which helps to prevent blood from leaving...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

Functional electrical stimulation for bladder, bowel, and sexual function.

Graham H Creasey1, Michael D Craggs

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA, USA. gcreasey@stanford.edu

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical stimulation of nerves can restore bladder, bowel, and sexual function after central nervous system damage. This technology offers promising future advancements for comprehensive functional control.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

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Published on: January 10, 2013

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10:26

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Published on: August 18, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Central nervous system damage often impairs bladder, bowel, and sexual function.
  • Restoring these functions is crucial for patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the principles of using electrical stimulation for functional restoration.
  • To outline current clinical applications and future prospects.

Main Methods:

  • Activation of somatic or parasympathetic efferent nerves to control smooth and striated muscles.
  • Activation of afferent nerves to elicit reflex responses in somatic muscles and smooth muscle organs.
  • Clinical application in spinal cord injury patients for bladder and bowel management.

Main Results:

  • Effective bladder and bowel emptying achieved in patients with spinal cord injury.
  • Improved urinary and fecal continence demonstrated.
  • Electrical stimulation can induce penile erection and seminal emission.
  • Reflex erection and ejaculation are achievable through afferent nerve stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Electrical stimulation is a viable technique for restoring critical bodily functions after neurological damage.
  • Future developments include selective electrodes, advanced stimulus parameters, integrated sensors, and networked components for comprehensive control.