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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Down syndrome and thyroid function.

Evan Graber1, Elizabeth Chacko, Molly O Regelmann

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. evan.graber@mountsinai.org

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|October 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) face early thyroid dysfunction risks, increasing with age due to autoimmunity. Annual screening is recommended, but definitions for mild thyroid issues need consensus.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is common in children with Down syndrome (DS), starting at birth.
  • The risk of thyroid autoimmunity, including autoimmune hypothyroidism and Graves disease, rises with age in DS individuals.
  • Current thyroid screening protocols for DS patients lack universal consensus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and timing of thyroid dysfunction in children with Down syndrome.
  • To discuss the controversies surrounding optimal thyroid screening methods and frequency.
  • To highlight the need for standardized definitions of thyroid states in infants with DS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on thyroid screening in Down syndrome.
  • Analysis of current recommendations from pediatric and endocrine societies.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria for thyroid function.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction can be present at birth in DS infants.
  • Autoimmune thyroid conditions are a significant concern as children with DS age.
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates for annual thyroid screening.

Conclusions:

  • Early and ongoing thyroid monitoring is crucial for children with Down syndrome.
  • Standardized definitions for euthyroidism and mild hypothyroidism are essential for accurate diagnosis in DS infants.
  • Further consensus is required to refine screening strategies and diagnostic criteria.