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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Simple Establishment of a Vascularized Osteogenic Bone Marrow Niche Using Pre-Cast Poly(ethylene Glycol) (PEG) Hydrogels in an Imaging Microplate
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[BMP signaling and bone formation].

Takenobu Katagiri1

  • 1Saitama Medical University, Japan.

Clinical Calcium
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) involves mutated ALK2 receptors causing abnormal bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Inhibiting the BMP-Smad pathway may offer new therapeutic strategies for FOP patients.

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Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Simple Establishment of a Vascularized Osteogenic Bone Marrow Niche Using Pre-Cast Poly(ethylene Glycol) (PEG) Hydrogels in an Imaging Microplate
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Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach
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Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
11:38

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

Published on: September 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are crucial signaling molecules that regulate bone and cartilage development.
  • Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder leading to progressive heterotopic ossification.
  • Mutations in the ALK2 receptor, a BMP type I receptor, are implicated in FOP pathogenesis.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the role of BMP signaling in Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).
  • To investigate the mechanism by which mutated ALK2 contributes to heterotopic ossification in FOP.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for FOP treatment.

Summary:

  • BMPs initiate signaling cascades by binding to type II and type I receptors, leading to the phosphorylation of downstream effectors like Smads.
  • In FOP, specific mutations in the ALK2 receptor cause aberrant Smad phosphorylation independently of BMP binding.
  • Muscle injury can exacerbate BMP-Smad signaling, potentially triggering acute heterotopic ossification in FOP patients.

Impact:

  • Understanding the BMP-Smad pathway's dysregulation in FOP provides critical insights into the disease's molecular basis.
  • Targeting the BMP-Smad pathway with inhibitors presents a promising therapeutic avenue for managing FOP.
  • This research could lead to the development of novel treatments to prevent or reduce heterotopic ossification in FOP.