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Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
Structure of Alkanes02:23

Structure of Alkanes

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons with sp3 hybrid carbon atoms. These sp3...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures
09:23

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

Published on: July 2, 2012

Engineering molecular chains in carbon nanotubes.

Thomas W Chamberlain1, Rudolf Pfeiffer, Jonathan Howells

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Nanoscale
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functionalized fullerenes inserted into carbon nanotubes form ordered 1D arrays. Fullerene shape and functional groups dictate spacing and arrangement within nanotubes, impacting structure and filling rates.

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Engineering Molecular Recognition with Bio-mimetic Polymers on Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
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Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

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09:23

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Published on: July 2, 2012

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09:28

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Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness
11:09

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Published on: April 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Fullerenes are spherical molecules with unique electronic properties.
  • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer confined environments for molecular assembly.
  • Encapsulating molecules within CNTs enables the creation of novel one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and encapsulate functionalized fullerenes within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).
  • To investigate the impact of fullerene functional group size and shape on the resulting 1D arrays.
  • To understand the self-assembly mechanisms of functionalized fullerenes inside SWCNTs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of mono- and bis-functionalized fullerenes.
  • Insertion of functionalized fullerenes into SWCNTs.
  • Characterization using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
  • Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD).
  • Theoretical calculations to model fullerene interactions.

Main Results:

  • Non-planar, bulky functional groups promote highly ordered, evenly spaced 1D fullerene arrays within SWCNTs.
  • Theoretical calculations confirm that functional groups mediate inter-fullerene spacing.
  • Bis-functionalization increases fullerene separation but reduces SWCNT filling efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The size and shape of fullerene functional groups are critical for controlling self-assembly within SWCNTs.
  • Precise control over fullerene arrangement in 1D arrays is achievable through molecular design.
  • This study provides insights into designing functionalized nanomaterials for specific applications.