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Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
Sleep deprivation is a more severe form of sleep loss...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex
10:45

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Published on: December 19, 2012

Sleep/wake dependent changes in cortical glucose concentrations.

Michael B Dash1, Michele Bellesi, Giulio Tononi

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain glucose levels fluctuate with sleep and wakefulness. Sleep deprivation and sleep/wake history influence brain glucose availability upon awakening, impacting neuronal function.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex
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Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Published on: December 19, 2012

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Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice
08:58

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism
  • Sleep Research

Background:

  • Brain energy metabolism relies heavily on glucose, supporting vital glutamatergic activity.
  • Cortical glutamate levels and neuron firing rates vary with sleep-wake states, suggesting a link to brain energy supply.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if brain glucose levels reflect behavioral state and sleep/wake history.
  • To monitor real-time changes in extracellular glucose concentration across the sleep-wake cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Chronic electroencephalographic recordings in rats.
  • Fixed-potential amperometry to measure extracellular glucose concentration ([gluc]) second-by-second.
  • Monitoring across spontaneous sleep-wake cycles and during sleep deprivation.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular glucose increased during non-rapid eye movement sleep and decreased during rapid eye movement sleep.
  • During wakefulness, glucose initially declined then increased post-awakening.
  • Sleep/wake history, particularly prolonged wakefulness, affected the duration of glucose decline after awakening.

Conclusions:

  • Brain glucose levels are dynamic and influenced by the sleep-wake cycle.
  • Sleep/wake history impacts brain glucose availability upon awakening.
  • These findings suggest a regulatory mechanism linking sleep, wakefulness, and brain energy metabolism.