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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme Inhibition01:30

Enzyme Inhibition

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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
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Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that...
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Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
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Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens
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Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens

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Enzyme informatics.

Rosanna G Alderson1, Luna De Ferrari, Lazaros Mavridis

  • 1Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, UK.

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
|November 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bioinformatics tools and databases aid enzyme research, but automated annotation is crucial for functional characterization. Novel enzyme design and understanding enzyme evolution are emerging fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular science
  • Enzyme bioinformatics
  • Structural biology

Background:

  • Millions of sequences and thousands of 3D structures are available.
  • Online databases like BRENDA, KEGG, EzCatDB, SFLD, and MACiE provide extensive enzyme data.
  • Manual functional annotation of enzymes is becoming unfeasible due to rapid genome sequencing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Highlight the revolution in biomolecular science driven by sequencing, structural biology, and bioinformatics.
  • Emphasize the need for automated annotation of enzyme function.
  • Discuss the emerging fields of enzyme design and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing online databases for enzyme information (BRENDA, KEGG, EzCatDB, SFLD, MACiE).
  • Leveraging bioinformatics for sequence and structural analysis.
  • Employing phylogenetics to trace enzyme evolution.
  • Applying chemoinformatics and quantum chemical techniques (DFT, QM/MM) for in silico modeling of enzyme-ligand interactions and reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Bioinformatics has significantly advanced enzyme research with vast data resources.
  • Automated annotation is increasingly necessary for enzyme functional characterization.
  • Enzyme evolution can be studied through phylogenetics and substrate promiscuity.
  • In silico methods allow modeling of drug-protein interactions and enzyme reaction mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Automated annotation is essential for keeping pace with enzyme discovery.
  • Understanding enzyme evolution and designing novel enzymes are promising future directions.
  • Chemoinformatics and quantum chemistry offer powerful tools for studying enzyme mechanisms and drug interactions.