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Polyomavirus inactivation - a review.

Raymond W Nims1, Mark Plavsic

  • 1RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc., 1851 Lefthand Circle, Suite A, Longmont, CO 80501, USA. rnims@rmcpharma.com

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Summary

Polyomaviruses, like SV40, are highly resistant to inactivation, requiring high temperatures or specific chemical treatments. Their resistance varies by inactivation method, with some methods showing greater efficacy than others.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Disease Control
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Polyomavirus inactivation research began in the 1950s due to SV40 contamination in polio vaccines.
  • Polyomaviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses known for their resistance to inactivation methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the various methods for polyomavirus inactivation.
  • To compare the efficacy of different inactivation strategies against polyomaviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Thermal inactivation at temperatures ≥70°C.
  • Chemical inactivation using agents like β-propiolactone, ethanol, sodium hydroxide, and formaldehyde.
  • Low pH inactivation (pH ≤3) at elevated temperatures.
  • Irradiation methods including UV-C and ionizing radiation.
  • Photodynamic inactivation using specific dyes (toluidine blue, acridine orange, methylene blue).

Main Results:

  • Polyomaviruses require relatively high temperatures for thermal inactivation.
  • Effective chemical inactivants are similar to those used for other small, non-enveloped viruses.
  • Low pH and specific dyes enhance inactivation efficacy.
  • Polyomaviruses exhibit greater resistance to UV-C and gamma irradiation compared to parvoviruses and caliciviruses.
  • Inactivating oncogenic properties may require higher doses than inactivating infectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Polyomaviruses are generally resistant to inactivation, but efficacy depends on the method.
  • Specific approaches like UV-C and gamma irradiation show higher resistance compared to other viruses.
  • Understanding inactivation resistance is crucial for viral safety and decontamination protocols.