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Related Concept Videos

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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mTOR-dependent cell survival mechanisms.

Chien-Min Hung1, Luisa Garcia-Haro, Cynthia A Sparks

  • 1Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
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Summary

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase regulates cell growth and survival. This review discusses how mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes respond to nutrient and growth factor signals to control cell fate during stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a critical regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival.
  • mTOR exists in two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, with different upstream regulators and downstream targets.
  • Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is implicated in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate cell survival.
  • To explore how mTOR signaling integrates nutrient availability, growth factor signaling, and cellular stresses.
  • To highlight the role of mTOR as a central signaling hub for cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mTOR signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of upstream regulatory signals for mTORC1 and mTORC2.
  • Discussion of downstream substrates and their role in cell survival.

Main Results:

  • mTORC1 senses nutrient availability and growth factor signals, influencing cell growth and survival.
  • mTORC2 primarily responds to growth factors and its role in cell survival is less understood.
  • Both complexes integrate diverse signals to maintain cellular metabolism and energy balance.

Conclusions:

  • mTOR signaling is a key determinant of cell survival in response to various stresses.
  • Understanding mTOR complex function is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for diseases linked to mTOR dysregulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of mTORC2 in cell survival.