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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma

Published on: June 4, 2017

Allergic Bipolaris sinusitis: clinical and immunopathologic characteristics.

D S Gourley¹, B A Whisman, N L Jorgensen

¹Department of Medicine, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|March 1, 1990

Summary

Bipolaris spicifera, a black fungus, is identified as a new cause of allergic fungal sinusitis in young, atopic patients. This underdiagnosed condition presents with pansinusitis and nasal polyps, often requiring surgery.

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Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

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Published on: September 22, 2023

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Mycology
Immunology

Background:

Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) is an inflammatory sinus condition often linked to fungi.
Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis was first described in 1983.

Observation:

This study reports the first three cases of AFS caused by Bipolaris spicifera.
Patients were young, atopic, and immunocompetent, presenting with pansinusitis and nasal polyps.
Histopathology revealed allergic mucin with eosinophils, Charcot-Leyden crystals, and fungal hyphae; CT scans showed bony erosion in two cases.

Findings:

Bipolaris spicifera is a previously unrecognized cause of AFS.
Immunologic workup included eosinophil counts, total IgE, skin responses, precipitins, and specific IgE/IgG to B. spicifera.
No direct fungal invasion into mucosa or bone was histologically confirmed despite bony erosion.

Implications:

Bipolaris spicifera-induced AFS may be an underdiagnosed disorder.
Consider this diagnosis in atopic patients with refractory pansinusitis and nasal polyps.
Diagnostic criteria involve characteristic allergic mucin, fungal culture, positive skin tests, precipitins, and specific IgE/IgG.