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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
14:52

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Polycrystallinity and stacking in CVD graphene.

Adam W Tsen, Lola Brown, Robin W Havener

    Accounts of Chemical Research
    |November 9, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene films are polycrystalline, with properties influenced by grain boundaries and stacking. Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DF-TEM) reveals structural details impacting electrical and optical performance.

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    Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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    Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

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    Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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    Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
    08:40

    Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

    Published on: May 15, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Graphene, a 2D carbon allotrope, exhibits exceptional electronic, mechanical, and optical properties.
    • Large-area synthesis of uniform graphene films is crucial for practical applications.
    • Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on copper enables scalable graphene production, yielding polycrystalline films.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review structural and physical properties of CVD-grown graphene arising from polycrystallinity and stacking.
    • To highlight the role of grain boundaries (lateral junctions) and multilayer stacking (vertical junctions).
    • To correlate structural characteristics with electrical and optical properties for optimized applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DF-TEM) for imaging domain orientation and stacking configurations.
    • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for mechanical property measurements (indentation).
    • Analysis of Raman and absorption spectra to probe optical properties related to twist angles.

    Main Results:

    • DF-TEM effectively distinguishes between oriented and misoriented domains, and identifies lateral and vertical junctions.
    • Grain boundary structure, influenced by growth conditions, affects electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
    • Multilayer stacking, including Bernal and twisted configurations, leads to distinct electrical and unique optical properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding polycrystallinity and stacking in CVD graphene is key to unlocking its application potential.
    • DF-TEM is a powerful tool for characterizing structural features in large-area graphene.
    • The findings provide a model for characterizing other 2D layered materials with similar growth characteristics.