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The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

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Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Updated: May 17, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Hypopituitarism and sphenoid surgery.

Michael T Flannery¹, Robert C Flannery

¹Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Wesley Chapel, Florida 33543, USA. mflann5555@aol.com

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences

|November 10, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sphenoid surgery for nasal polyps can lead to hypopituitarism, a rare complication. This case highlights the importance of monitoring pituitary function after such procedures.

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Endocrinology
Neurosurgery

Background:

Rhinitis with polyposis often requires surgical intervention.
Sphenoid and ethmoid surgeries are common procedures for sinonasal diseases.

Observation:

A middle-aged man developed severe fatigue, myalgias, and arthralgias post-sphenoid and ethmoid surgery.
Symptoms included central hypogonadism, low IGF-1, and abnormal growth hormone stimulation tests.
Recurrent symptoms of nausea and vomiting occurred when ill, persisting for 7 years.

Findings:

Hormonal testing revealed inappropriate thyroid and cortisol responses.
The patient's clinical symptoms resolved with medical therapy.
Literature review found no prior reports of hypopituitarism following sphenoid surgery.

Implications:

This case suggests a potential link between sphenoid surgery and the development of hypopituitarism.
Endocrinological monitoring may be warranted in patients experiencing persistent symptoms after sphenoid surgery.
Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and incidence of this rare complication.