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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated.
Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail paint...
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
09:02

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

Testing the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework for usability and reliability.

A J Stewardson1, B Allegranzi, T V Perneger

  • 1Infection Control Programme, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|November 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The World Health Organization Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF) is a usable and reliable tool for assessing hand hygiene in healthcare facilities. Pretesting and reliability testing confirmed its effectiveness in promoting better hygiene practices.

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare quality improvement
  • Infection prevention and control
  • Public health policy

Background:

  • The World Health Organization (WHO) Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF) was developed as a structured tool.
  • It aims to analyze hand hygiene resources, promotion, and practices in healthcare settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct usability pretesting of the HHSAF.
  • To perform reliability testing of the HHSAF.

Main Methods:

  • The HHSAF draft was developed with expert input, aligning with the WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy.
  • Forty-two facilities were invited for pretesting and feedback surveys; 26 completed the process.
  • Reliability testing involved independent assessments by two users per facility, analyzed using a variance components model.

Main Results:

  • Pretesting involved 26 facilities across 19 countries, with total scores ranging from 35 to 480 (mean 262).
  • The HHSAF was found to be easy to use and useful for assessing hand hygiene status by most participants.
  • Reliability testing yielded scores between 0.54 and 0.86 for the total score and component subtotals, with modifications made to seven indicators with poor reliability.

Conclusions:

  • The usability pretesting and reliability testing confirmed the HHSAF's effectiveness.
  • The tool is validated for promoting hand hygiene in healthcare settings.