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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

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Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

Dual-pitch processing mechanisms in primate auditory cortex.

Daniel Bendor1, Michael S Osmanski, Xiaoqin Wang

  • 1Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21025, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marmosets use temporal cues for low pitches and spectral cues for high pitches to perceive sound. This suggests dual mechanisms for pitch extraction in the auditory system, combining both temporal envelope and spectral information.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Psychoacoustics

Background:

  • Pitch perception is crucial for music and speech.
  • Mechanisms of pitch extraction by the auditory system remain debated.
  • Pitch can be computed using spectral or temporal acoustic features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how temporal envelope and spectral cues are used for pitch extraction in common marmosets.
  • Measure pitch discrimination behaviorally.
  • Examine pitch-selective neuronal responses in auditory cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral pitch discrimination tasks in common marmosets.
  • Electrophysiological recordings of neuronal responses in the auditory cortex.
  • Analysis of acoustic signal features (temporal envelope and spectrum).

Main Results:

  • Marmosets utilize temporal envelope cues for low-pitch sounds (higher-order harmonics).
  • Spectral cues are employed for high-pitch sounds (lower-order harmonics).
  • Evidence supports dual-pitch processing mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The common marmoset employs distinct auditory processing strategies for different pitch ranges.
  • Findings support a dual-pitch processing model combining temporal and spectral cues.
  • This research provides insights into the neurobiological basis of pitch perception in primates.