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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Published on: June 7, 2018

Ferromagnetic Cu-O-Cu coupling in CaCu3Sn4O12 probed by neutron diffraction.

P Kayser1, M Retuerto, J Sánchez-Benítez

  • 1Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco E-28049 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|November 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized CaCu(3)Sn(4)O(12) perovskite oxide, revealing unusual ferromagnetic behavior below 10 K. Neutron diffraction confirmed parallel coupling of copper spins, indicating novel magnetic properties in this material.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • A-site ordered perovskite oxides offer unique structural and electronic properties.
  • Understanding magnetic interactions in transition metal oxides is crucial for novel electronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the novel perovskite oxide CaCu(3)Sn(4)O(12).
  • To investigate the magnetic properties and magnetic structure of this compound.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure, high-temperature synthesis.
  • X-ray diffraction for structural analysis.
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurements.
  • Neutron powder diffraction for magnetic structure determination.

Main Results:

  • CaCu(3)Sn(4)O(12) was successfully synthesized in polycrystalline form.
  • The compound exhibits cubic crystal structure (space group no. 204).
  • Ferromagnetic ordering was observed below a critical temperature (T(C)) of 10 K.
  • Neutron diffraction revealed parallel coupling of Cu(2+) spins with a magnetic moment of 0.5 μ(B)/Cu atom.

Conclusions:

  • CaCu(3)Sn(4)O(12) displays unusual ferromagnetic behavior for a cuprate.
  • The tilted SnO(6) network and square planar Cu(2+) coordination contribute to its magnetic properties.
  • This material presents an interesting platform for studying magnetism in perovskite oxides.