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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
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The multiple systems model of angry rumination.

Thomas F Denson1

  • 1University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. t.denson@unsw.edu.au

Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc
|November 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Angry rumination, repetitive thinking about angering events, is a risk factor for aggression. This model explains angry rumination

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Angry rumination involves perseverative thinking about anger-inducing events.
  • It is recognized as a significant risk factor for aggression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel, multi-level model of angry rumination.
  • To elucidate the cognitive, neurobiological, affective, executive control, and behavioral underpinnings of angry rumination.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a theoretical model integrating five levels of analysis.
  • It reviews existing literature on angry rumination and its associated neural correlates.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive processes in rumination modulate emotional and neurobiological responses.
  • Angry rumination engages brain regions involved in emotion regulation, cognitive control, and self-reflection.

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  • It temporarily impairs self-control, potentially increasing aggression.

    • Conclusions:

    • The proposed model offers a comprehensive framework for understanding angry rumination.
    • Identifies knowledge gaps and suggests future research directions for angry rumination and aggression.