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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

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Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
05:39

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Published on: May 26, 2023

Anesthesia for office procedures.

Sean X Wang1, C Blake Simpson

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Arts and Research Center, University of Texas Health and Science Center in San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|November 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This guide details topical anesthesia for laryngeal procedures, covering patient selection, lidocaine safety, and monitoring for otolaryngologists performing office-based surgeries.

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Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
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Published on: January 13, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Office-based laryngeal procedures are increasingly common.
  • Effective topical anesthesia is crucial for patient comfort and procedural success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide otolaryngologists with clear instructions for topical anesthesia in laryngeal procedures.
  • To review essential aspects of patient selection, lidocaine administration, and monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature and clinical best practices for topical anesthesia in otolaryngology.
  • Focus on commonly performed laryngeal office-based procedures.

Main Results:

  • Guidelines for appropriate patient selection are presented.
  • Recommendations for safe and effective lidocaine dosing are discussed.
  • Emphasis on crucial patient monitoring during and after anesthesia.

Conclusions:

  • Properly administered topical anesthesia enhances safety and tolerability of laryngeal procedures.
  • Adherence to dosing and monitoring protocols minimizes risks associated with lidocaine.
  • This article serves as a practical resource for otolaryngologists.