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Voltage Dividers

Voltage Dividers

In electrical circuits, resistors can be connected in series, sequentially linked one after the other. In a series configuration, the same current flows through each resistor. Ohm's law is a fundamental principle to understand the behavior of resistors in series. It expresses the voltage across these resistors in terms of the current and resistance.
Kirchhoff's voltage law implies that the sum of the voltages across the resistors in series equals the source voltage. This means that the current...

Upsampling

Upsampling

Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...

Cut-off Frequency of BJT

Cut-off Frequency of BJT

Cut-off frequencies in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) mark the transition between the signal's pass band and stop band, influencing their performance in amplifying or attenuating frequencies. These frequencies are crucial for designing BJTs to meet specific operational requirements in electronic circuits.
Alpha Cut-Off Frequency: Pertinent to the common-base configuration, the alpha cut-off frequency defines the upper-frequency limit at which the current gain, alpha, remains stable. As...

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

Half wave rectifier

Half wave rectifier

A half-wave rectifier is a fundamental circuit in electronics, designed to convert alternating current (AC) voltage into a unidirectional voltage. It utilizes the simplest form of diode rectification, where the circuit comprises a single diode in series with a load resistor and an AC power source.

Full wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier

A full-wave rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and is more efficient than its half-wave counterpart. It typically includes a center-tapped transformer, two diodes, and a load resistor. The secondary winding of the transformer is divided to provide two equal voltages of opposite polarities, which is the pivotal element of full-wave rectification.

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20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Published on: July 12, 2017

Ultra-low-noise regenerative frequency divider.

Archita Hati, Craig W Nelson, Corey Barnes

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|November 30, 2012

Summary

We developed ultra-low-noise regenerative frequency dividers, achieving record-low phase noise. This breakthrough advances precision timing applications requiring minimal signal distortion.

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Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Signal Processing
Physics

Background:

Achieving ultra-low noise in frequency dividers is critical for high-precision timing and measurement systems.
Existing dividers often introduce significant phase noise, limiting their application in sensitive instruments.
The development of novel circuit designs and measurement techniques is essential to overcome these limitations.

Discussion:

This study presents novel ultra-low-noise regenerative divide-by-2 circuits operating at 10, 20, and 40 MHz.
The circuits achieve output-referred single-sideband residual phase noise of -164 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset.
A custom cross-spectrum measurement system with a noise floor of -175 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset was developed to validate the divider's performance.

Key Insights:

The designed frequency dividers exhibit a residual Allan deviation below 3 × 10(-15)τ(-1), representing the lowest noise reported for dividers at these frequencies.
Custom-built mixers and phase detectors utilizing 2N2222A bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in a double-balanced diode ring configuration are key to achieving this low noise.
The developed measurement system is crucial for accurately characterizing such low noise levels.

Outlook:

Further optimization of the BJT-based mixer/detector design could lead to even lower noise figures.
These ultra-low-noise dividers have potential applications in advanced scientific instrumentation, deep-space communication, and next-generation navigation systems.
Integration of these dividers into larger frequency synthesis systems could significantly enhance overall system stability and accuracy.