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Related Concept Videos

Upsampling01:22

Upsampling

236
Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
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Downsampling01:20

Downsampling

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When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

92
Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any...
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Aliasing01:18

Aliasing

136
Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original...
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Design Example01:23

Design Example

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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Ultra-Low Phase Noise Frequency Division With Array of Direct Digital Synthesizers.

Marco Pomponio1,2,1, Archita Hati1, Craig Nelson1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
|March 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a four-channel direct digital synthesis (DDS) board with FPGA-based synchronization, achieving precise channel alignment and ultra-low phase noise. The design enables superior signal synthesis for advanced applications.

Keywords:
Amplitude modulation (AM) noisedirect digital synthesis (DSS)field-programmable gate array (FPGA)frequency divisionphase modulation (PM) noisetime-to-digital converter (TDC)

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Signal Processing
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) is crucial for generating precise frequencies and phase relationships.
  • Existing DDS systems face limitations in channel synchronization and phase noise performance.
  • Power combining multiple DDS channels offers potential for improved signal quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel four-channel DDS design with enhanced synchronization capabilities.
  • To demonstrate the achievement of ultra-low phase noise through power combining DDS channels.
  • To analyze methods for accurate noise measurement and signal integrity in power-combined systems.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a custom FPGA-based synchronization method for precise channel alignment (170 ps).
  • Implementation of a DDS board with a wide clock range (500 MHz–24 GHz) and output frequencies up to 1.75 GHz.
  • Power combining of eight parallel channels from two DDS boards to achieve coherent carrier addition and noncoherent noise addition.

Main Results:

  • Exceptional residual phase noise performance: L(1 Hz) = -147 dBc/Hz and L(100 kHz) = -180 dBc/Hz at 9.765625 MHz.
  • Achieved phase noise levels surpassing those from regenerative frequency dividers.
  • Demonstrated synthesis of a highly stable 9.765625 MHz signal with -180 dBc/Hz absolute white phase noise using an optical frequency comb (OFC).

Conclusions:

  • The presented DDS design offers superior phase noise performance compared to existing methods.
  • FPGA-based synchronization and power combining are effective strategies for enhancing signal quality.
  • The system provides a versatile platform for generating highly stable and precise signals for demanding applications.