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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

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[Pathophysiology of movement disorders].

Atsushi Nambu¹

¹Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences.

Rinsho Shinkeigaku = Clinical Neurology

|December 1, 2012

Summary

Movement disorders like Parkinson's disease stem from basal ganglia malfunctions. This review critically examines three models—firing rate, firing pattern, and dynamic activity—explaining these complex motor symptoms.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Movement Disorders

Context:

Basal ganglia malfunctions are the underlying cause of movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
Understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose:

To critically review and discuss proposed models for the pathophysiology of basal ganglia movement disorders.
To analyze the Firing Rate, Firing Pattern, and Dynamic Activity models in the context of basal ganglia function.

Summary:

The Firing Rate model posits that imbalanced direct and indirect pathway activity alters basal ganglia output nuclei firing rates, leading to hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorders.
The Firing Pattern model suggests that aberrant oscillatory or synchronized activity within the basal ganglia disrupts information processing and causes motor symptoms.

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The Dynamic Activity model proposes that altered movement-related activity in the direct and indirect pathways disrupts the balance of inhibition and excitation in output nuclei, inducing motor symptoms.

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of current theoretical frameworks for basal ganglia movement disorders.
Facilitates a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying conditions like Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
Highlights areas for future research in basal ganglia pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions.