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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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New 'second primary' cancers.

L Feller1, J Lemmer

  • 1Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa. liviu.feller@ul.ac.za

SADJ : Journal of the South African Dental Association = Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Second primary cancers arise independently from initial tumors. For upper aerodigestive tract cancers, tobacco and alcohol significantly increase the risk of developing new, independent cancers in the same region.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Epidemiology

Background:

  • Second primary cancers are new, independent malignancies distinct from the original tumor or its metastases.
  • Genetic susceptibility and exposure to carcinogens influence cancer development.
  • Individuals with a history of upper aerodigestive tract carcinoma face an elevated risk for subsequent cancers in the same anatomical area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define second primary cancers and explore risk factors.
  • To investigate the specific risks associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancers.
  • To elucidate the role of environmental factors and field cancerization in second primary cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cancer definitions and etiological factors.
  • Analysis of risk associations for upper aerodigestive tract cancers.
  • Examination of the concept of field cancerization in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Main Results:

  • Second primary cancers are independent events, not recurrences or metastases.
  • Tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol consumption synergistically increase the risk of second primary upper aerodigestive tract cancers.
  • Field cancerization in the upper aerodigestive tract contributes to the development of second primary tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the independent nature of second primary cancers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
  • Tobacco and alcohol cessation are critical interventions for reducing second primary cancer risk in affected individuals.
  • The concept of field cancerization highlights the importance of considering the entire affected tissue area in cancer prevention and treatment strategies.