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Development of, and initial validity evidence for, the referee self-efficacy scale: a multistudy report
Nicholas D Myers1, Deborah L Feltz, Félix Guillén
1Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology
|December 4, 2012
Summary
This study developed the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale, finding four key factors: game knowledge, decision making, pressure, and communication. Referee experience and preparation significantly influence self-efficacy across diverse contexts.
Area of Science:
- Sports Psychology
- Measurement in Psychology
Background:
- Self-efficacy is crucial for referee performance.
- Existing measures may not capture the multifaceted nature of referee self-efficacy.
- Understanding factors influencing referee self-efficacy is vital for training and development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and provide initial validity evidence for the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (RSES).
- To identify key dimensions of referee self-efficacy.
- To examine the influence of personal and contextual factors on referee self-efficacy.
Main Methods:
- Multistudy approach utilizing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA).
- Data collected from 1609 referees across the United States and Spain.
- Regression analyses were used to assess the impact of various factors on self-efficacy.
Main Results:
- The Referee Self-Efficacy Scale demonstrated evidence for four distinct factors: game knowledge, decision making, pressure, and communication.
- Partial factorial invariance was supported across country, competition level, team gender, and sport.
- Referee experience, preparation, and environmental comfort significantly predicted self-efficacy dimensions.
Conclusions:
- The developed Referee Self-Efficacy Scale offers a valid and reliable measure for assessing referee self-efficacy.
- The scale's factorial structure is robust across different demographic and contextual variables.
- Factors such as experience and preparation are important determinants of referee self-efficacy, informing targeted interventions.
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