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Electromotive Force

Electromotive Force

Electromotive force (emf) is the force that causes current to flow from a higher to a lower potential. The term "electromotive force" is used for historical reasons, even though emf is not a force at all.
Any circuit with a constant current must contain an emf-producing source. Examples of emf sources include batteries, electric generators, solar cells, thermocouples, and fuel cells. All these sources transform energy of some kind (mechanical, chemical, thermal, and so on) into electric...

Electromotive Force

Electromotive Force

Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...

Motional Emf

Motional Emf

Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the magnetic...

Back EMF

Back EMF

Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, whereas motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. A motor works by sending a current through a loop of wire located in a magnetic field. As a result, the magnetic field exerts a torque on the loop. This rotates a shaft, extracting mechanical work from the electrical current sent in initially. When the coil of a motor is turned, magnetic flux changes through the coil, and an emf (consistent with Faraday's law) is induced.

Electromagnetic Fields

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of Gauss's...

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Optimization, Test and Diagnostics of Miniaturized Hall Thrusters

Optimization, Test and Diagnostics of Miniaturized Hall Thrusters

Published on: February 16, 2019

The electrodeless Lorentz force (ELF) thruster experimental facility.

T E Weber¹, J T Slough, D Kirtley

¹Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E526, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|December 5, 2012

Summary

A new facility enables testing of electrodeless Lorentz force (ELF) thrusters. This setup allows for detailed study of plasma thruster physics and performance, reducing costs and increasing accessibility for novel concept development.

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Area of Science:

Space propulsion engineering
Plasma physics
Advanced thruster technology

Background:

The electrodeless Lorentz force (ELF) thruster concept requires specialized testing facilities.
Existing facilities can be costly and inaccessible for novel concept development.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct and detail an innovative facility for testing high-power, pulsed plasmoid thrusters.
To enable the development and evaluation of the ELF thruster concept.

Main Methods:

Equipped facility with magnetic field, neutral gas, and plasma flux diagnostics.
Implemented a method to determine energy flow into plasma from pulsed power systems.
Utilized a novel ballistic pendulum for direct thrust measurement, independent of thrust stands.

Main Results:

The facility allows for controlled studies of plume expansion using variable magnetic fields.
Dielectric chamber walls minimize electromagnetic interference with plasma behavior.
Enables comprehensive evaluation of ELF thruster propulsive utility and physical processes.

Conclusions:

The new facility significantly reduces cost and increases accessibility for ELF thruster development.
It provides unique capabilities for novel plasma propulsion concept exploration.
Facilitates in-depth study of plasma thruster physics and performance.