Principles of translational control: an overview
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Updated: May 16, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
Published on: May 10, 2018
John W B Hershey1, Nahum Sonenberg, Michael B Mathews
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jwhershey@ucdavis.edu
Abstract:
Translational control plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression. It is especially important in defining the proteome, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling cell proliferation, growth, and development. Numerous disease states result from aberrant regulation of protein synthesis, so understanding the molecular basis and mechanisms of translational control is critical. Here we outline the pathway of protein synthesis, with special emphasis on the initiation phase, and identify areas needing further clarification. Features of translational control are described together with numerous specific examples, and we discuss prospects for future conceptual advances.
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