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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Secretory Phase

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

Published on: March 25, 2021

Sequestration is a women's health issue.

Leslie Stevens¹, Martha Nolan, Phyllis Greenberger

¹Society for Women's Health Research , Washington, DC 20036, USA. leslie@swhr.org

Journal of Women'S Health (2002)

|December 6, 2012

Summary

The Society for Women's Health Research (SWHR) advocates for comprehensive women's health research beyond reproductive concerns. SWHR emphasizes that medical research is vital for economic health and societal well-being, especially for women and families.

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Area of Science:

Women's Health Research
Biomedical Science
Health Statistics and Surveillance

Background:

Historically, women's health was narrowly defined as solely reproductive health.
Prevailing scientific and medical views incorrectly equated women to 'little men' with only reproductive organs differing.
The Society for Women's Health Research (SWHR) was established to challenge these outdated perspectives.

Purpose of the Study:

To broaden the understanding of women's health beyond reproductive aspects.
To advocate for the critical importance of medical research funding.
To highlight the economic and societal benefits of biomedical research and health data analysis.

Main Methods:

This section is not detailed in the provided abstract.
The abstract focuses on the rationale and advocacy for women's health research.
It discusses the societal and economic impact of research funding.

Main Results:

The abstract does not present specific research findings or results.
It emphasizes the critical role of biomedical research, health statistics, surveillance, and disease tracking.
It argues that these research areas are essential for maintaining a healthy society for all women and their families.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive research is essential to advance women's health understanding.
Medical research, including biomedical studies and health data analysis, is crucial for economic prosperity and public health.
Funding for research, despite economic challenges, is a vital investment for societal well-being.