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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Angina II: Classification01:27

Angina II: Classification

Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a chest pain resulting from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle and is often a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina presents several variants with distinctive attributes, etiologies, and therapeutic approaches. The main types of angina include stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), microvascular, intractable, and silent ischemia.Stable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to the formation of plaques that narrow the coronary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

[Nonthyroidal illness (NTI)].

Masami Murakami1

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Nonthyroidal illness, or low T3 syndrome, involves decreased conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). This study examines the role of iodothyronine deiodinases in this condition.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

Context:

  • Nonthyroidal illness (low T3 syndrome) is characterized by low serum T3 levels.
  • Illness severity correlates inversely with serum T3 concentrations.
  • Patients may exhibit low T4 and TSH levels without compensatory TSH rise.

Purpose:

  • To explore the role of iodothyronine deiodinases (D1, D2, D3) in nonthyroidal illness.
  • To investigate the mechanism of decreased extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3.

Summary:

  • Thyroxine (T4) requires conversion to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) by deiodinases for biological activity.
  • Low T3 syndrome is linked to reduced T4 to T3 conversion.
  • The study discusses the involvement of D1, D2, and D3 in the pathophysiology of low T3 syndrome.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Impact:

  • Provides insight into the pathophysiology of nonthyroidal illness.
  • Highlights the importance of deiodinase activity in thyroid hormone regulation during critical illness.
  • Informs potential therapeutic strategies targeting thyroid hormone conversion.