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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

2.4K
While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...
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Travelling Waves01:04

Travelling Waves

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A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is...
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
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First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium01:10

First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium

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Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...
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Sound Waves01:01

Sound Waves

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Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
Sound waves are longitudinal in most fluids because fluids cannot sustain any lateral pressure. In solids, however, shear forces help in propagating the disturbance in the lateral direction as well....
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Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids00:51

Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids

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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Related Experiment Videos

Uniform shock waves in disordered granular matter.

Leopoldo R Gómez1, Ari M Turner, Vincenzo Vitelli

  • 1Department of Physics and Instituto de Física del Sur, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Av L.N. Além 1253. (8000), Bahía Blanca, Argentina. lgomez@uns.edu.ar

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granular materials exhibit nonlinear behavior at low pressures, where energy transport shifts from phonons to nonlinear waves and shocks. This study characterizes these shocks and their pressure dependence.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nonlinear Dynamics

Background:

  • Confining pressure is a key parameter for granular matter properties.
  • At high pressures, granular media behave like solids with phonons.
  • Sound speed anomalies at low pressures suggest non-phonon energy transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate energy transport mechanisms in granular systems at low confining pressures.
  • Characterize the nonlinear response and shock wave phenomena.
  • Develop an analytical model for shock speed dependence on pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Computational simulations of granular systems.
  • Theoretical analysis of granular matter behavior.
  • Numerical characterization of nonlinear waves and shocks.

Main Results:

  • Granular systems show increasing nonlinearity as pressure decreases.
  • Elastic energy is primarily transported by nonlinear waves and shocks at low pressures.
  • Shock propagation speed, shape, and stability were numerically characterized.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear waves and shocks dominate energy transport in low-pressure granular systems.
  • A simple analytical model describes shock speed dependence on pressure and impact intensity.