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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography
18:45

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography

Published on: September 2, 2012

Crystal-arrested phase separation.

Juan Sabin1, Arthur E Bailey, Gabriel Espinosa

  • 1Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.

Physical Review Letters
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In colloid-polymer mixtures, a unique "crystal gel" forms when gas-liquid separation is halted by crystallites. This structure arrests phase separation dynamics due to crystalline strand stiffness overcoming interfacial tension.

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Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography
18:45

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography

Published on: September 2, 2012

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
11:53

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
12:29

Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and polymer science
  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Colloid-polymer mixtures can exhibit complex phase behavior, including liquid-liquid and gas-liquid phase separation.
  • Crystallization can occur within these mixtures, potentially influencing phase separation dynamics.
  • Three-phase equilibrium coexistence is observed in specific colloid-polymer systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between phase separation and crystallization in a colloid-polymer mixture.
  • To characterize the kinetics of phase separation under conditions of three-phase coexistence.
  • To understand the mechanism of dynamic arrest caused by the formation of a novel structure.

Main Methods:

  • Direct imaging experiments were conducted in microgravity on the International Space Station.
  • The study focused on a specific kinetic pathway within a colloid-polymer mixture exhibiting three-phase equilibrium.
  • Spinodal decomposition kinetics were monitored from initiation until arrest.

Main Results:

  • A unique structure, termed
  • crystal gel,
  • was observed.
  • This crystal gel forms when gas-liquid phase separation is arrested by crystallites spanning the sample cell.
  • Phase separation kinetics were largely unaffected by the third phase until the dynamic arrest point.
  • The arrest mechanism was attributed to the stiffness of crystalline strands exceeding the liquid-gas interfacial tension.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of a crystal gel can lead to dynamic arrest of phase separation in colloid-polymer mixtures.
  • The interplay between crystallization and phase separation results in unique emergent structures.
  • The observed arrest mechanism highlights the importance of interfacial and elastic properties in soft matter systems.