Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 16, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
Published on: August 28, 2021
Accelerating the early numeracy development of kindergartners with limited working memory skills through remedial
Sylke W M Toll1, Johannes E H Van Luit
1Department of Special Education, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. S.W.M.Toll@uu.nl
Background:
Young children with limited working memory skills are a special interest group among all children that score below average on early numeracy tests. This study examines the effect of accelerating the early numeracy development of these children through remedial education, by comparing them with children with typically working memory skills and early numeracy abilities below average.
Method:
Selected from a sample of 933 children, children with early numeracy ability below average are assigned into four groups: two intervention groups with limited working memory skills (IL-group) or typical working memory skills (IT-group), and two control groups with limited working memory skills (CL-group) or typical working memory skills (CT-group). All four groups were followed for a period of 1.5 years. Four measurements were carried out.
Conclusion:
The remedial program proved to be similarly effective for the IL-group and the IT-group. The findings are discussed in the light of several limitations and implications.
Related Concept Videos
Information Processing Approach
Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
Working Memory
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory
Mnemonic Devices
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
Chunking
The principle behind chunking is...

