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Updated: May 16, 2026

Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography
Published on: January 27, 2023
Target value design: applications to newborn intensive care units
Zofia K Rybkowski1, Mardelle McCuskey Shepley, H Glenn Ballard
1Corresponding Author: Zofia K. Rybkowski, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, 434 Langford A, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3137 (zrybkowski@tamu.edu; 979-845-4354).
Abstract:
There is a need for greater understanding of the health impact of various design elements in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) as well as cost-benefit information to make informed decisions about the long-term value of design decisions. This is particularly evident when design teams are considering the transition from open-bay NICUs to single-family-room (SFR) units. This paper introduces the guiding principles behind target value design (TVD)-a price-led design methodology that is gaining acceptance in healthcare facility design within the Lean construction methodology. The paper also discusses the role that set-based design plays in TVD and its application to NICUs.
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