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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
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The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition
07:32

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Lower incisor position in different malocclusions and facial patterns.

Estrella Hernández-Sayago1, Eduardo Espinar-Escalona, Jose-Maria Barrera-Mora

  • 1Master of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Seville, Spain.

Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal
|December 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The position and inclination of the lower incisor are crucial in diagnosing malocclusion and facial patterns. This study confirms significant differences in lower incisor measurements across various malocclusions and facial types.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Morphology
  • Cephalometric Analysis

Background:

  • The position of the lower incisor is a key diagnostic factor in orthodontic treatment planning.
  • Understanding lower incisor positioning is vital for diagnosing malocclusion and facial patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the significance of lower incisor position and inclination in different malocclusions and facial patterns.
  • To identify the most reliable cephalometric measurement parameters for assessing lower incisor positioning.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving ninety lateral cephalometric radiographs.
  • Classification of radiographs based on skeletal malocclusion and facial pattern.
  • Cephalometric analysis using Ricketts, Riolo, Tweed, McHorris, Jarabak-MSE, and Holdaway methods to assess lower incisor position.

Main Results:

  • Statistically significant differences were found in lower incisor inclination relative to the anterior cranial base.
  • The McHorris angle and the angulation of the lower incisor to the occlusal and mandibular planes showed significant variations.
  • These measurements differentiate between various malocclusions and facial patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Lower incisor position and inclination exhibit statistically significant variations based on malocclusion and individual facial patterns.
  • Cephalometric analysis provides reliable parameters for assessing these variations in orthodontic diagnosis.