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Updated: May 16, 2026

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research
Published on: September 22, 2021
A new age of peer reviewed scientific journals
1Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
Abstract:
The principles of peer reviewed scientific publications date back two and one-half centuries to the origins of Medical Essays and Observations published by the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1731). This year (2012) is notable in that perhaps the most prestigious and best-known medical journal, the New England Journal of Medicine, crossed the second century mark. The methodologies of peer review have undeniably served medicine well and helped to usher in unimaginable advances in human health. Despite such illustrious history, the winds of change are in the air.
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