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Updated: May 16, 2026

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Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
Published on: June 10, 2021
Fluorescent hydrogel formation from carboxyphenyl-terpyridine
Ashleigh Griffith1, Thomas J Bandy, Mark Light
1School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Summary
A novel supramolecular hydrogel based on terpyridine exhibits fluorescence in its gel state but not in its sol state. This responsive hydrogel forms in a narrow pH range with sodium ions, primarily consisting of water.
Area of Science:
- Supramolecular chemistry
- Materials science
- Hydrogel chemistry
Background:
- Terpyridine compounds are known for their coordination properties.
- Supramolecular hydrogels offer unique stimuli-responsive characteristics.
- Fluorescent materials are crucial for sensing and imaging applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze a novel terpyridine-based supramolecular hydrogel.
- To investigate its fluorescent properties and gelation behavior.
- To determine the optimal conditions for hydrogel formation.
Main Methods:
- Synthesis of a novel terpyridine-based supramolecular hydrogel.
- Characterization of hydrogel properties, including water content and pH-dependent formation.
- Spectroscopic analysis to evaluate fluorescent behavior in gel and sol states.
- Investigation of the role of sodium ions in the gelation process.
Main Results:
- The terpyridine-based supramolecular hydrogel exhibits fluorescence exclusively in the gel state.
- Gelation occurs within a narrow pH range in aqueous solutions.
- The presence of sodium ions is essential for hydrogel formation.
- The hydrogel is composed of 98%–99.2% water, indicating a highly hydrated system.
Conclusions:
- The novel terpyridine-based supramolecular hydrogel demonstrates stimuli-responsive fluorescence.
- Its formation is precisely controlled by pH and the presence of sodium ions.
- The high water content and selective fluorescence make it a promising candidate for sensing applications.

