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RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific primer.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
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The Russian School Twin Registry (RSTR): project PROGRESS.

Yulia Kovas1, Eduard V Galajinsky, Michel Boivin

  • 1Department of Psychology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia. y.kovas@gold.ac.uk

Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies
|December 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The Russian School Twin Registry (RSTR) was established to advance education research through gene-environment studies. This large registry will enable significant cross-cultural investigations into educational development.

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Area of Science:

  • Education
  • Genetics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The Russian School Twin Registry (RSTR) was established in 2012 with government support.
  • Its primary goal is to facilitate Progress in Education through Gene-Environment Studies (PROGRESS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a large-scale, representative registry of students in the Russian Federation.
  • To enable genetically sensitive cross-cultural investigations in education.
  • To provide a research platform for national and international educational research.

Main Methods:

  • Ongoing formation of the registry, aiming to include data from approximately 50,000 schools.
  • Potential to include over 100,000 twin pairs from 13.7 million students (Grades 1-11).
  • Utilizing common assessment instruments for cross-cultural comparisons.

Main Results:

  • The registry is currently under formation and growing.
  • It will include a large sample of non-twin students for comparative analysis.
  • The registry's unique features support genetically sensitive cross-cultural research.

Conclusions:

  • The RSTR is poised to become a significant resource for educational research.
  • Its scale and design will facilitate novel gene-environment interaction studies.
  • The registry will support diverse national and international educational research initiatives.