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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

Vitiligo road map.

Brian W Lee1, Robert A Schwartz, Jana Hercogová

  • 1Dermatology and Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.

Dermatologic Therapy
|December 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a comprehensive "vitiligo road map" detailing the complex causes of this depigmenting disorder and outlining current and future therapeutic strategies for melanocyte restoration.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder caused by melanocyte loss or dysfunction.
  • The etiology of vitiligo is complex and multifactorial.
  • Current understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis requires a consolidated framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct a comprehensive
  • vitiligo road map
  • integrating basic science, clinical observations, and treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a conceptual framework (the
  • vitiligo road map
  • ) synthesizing existing knowledge.

Main Results:

  • The map details melanocyte homeostatic functions, signaling pathways, and factors influencing melanocyte viability.
  • Identified known inducers and triggers contributing to vitiligo onset and progression.
  • Described molecular mechanisms of current and experimental vitiligo treatments promoting repigmentation.

Conclusions:

  • The
  • vitiligo road map
  • enhances understanding of pathogenesis.
  • Highlights novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for future vitiligo research.
  • Provides a foundation for developing more effective vitiligo treatments.