Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Blood-Pressure Targets in Hypertension Management.

The New England journal of medicine·2026

Same author

Soda consumption and risk of dementia: The Northern Manhattan study.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026

Same author

Biomarkers.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025

Same author

Perihematomal Edema Characteristics After Minimally Invasive Surgery in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Critical care explorations·2025

Same author

Your brain doesn't look a day past 70! Cross-sectional associations with brain-predicted age in the cognitively-intact oldest-old.

GeroScience·2025

Same author

Early Post-Thrombectomy MRI Markers: Temporal Evolution and Association With Reperfusion and Clinical Outcome.

Neurology·2025

Same journal

Movement disorders and Parkinson's disease: collaborative and interdisciplinary research to advance understanding of neural circuit dysfunction, pathophysiology, and care: new horizons in technology, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and genetics toward personalized medicine.

Current opinion in neurology·2026

Same journal

Editorial introduction.

Current opinion in neurology·2026

Same journal

Multimodal mapping of balance dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a consensus roadmap for research and intervention.

Current opinion in neurology·2026

Same journal

Tourette syndrome: brain neurophysiology, circuit dysfunction, and neuromodulation across invasive and noninvasive approaches.

Current opinion in neurology·2026

Same journal

Dystonia: from phenotypes to genetics and therapeutic advances.

Current opinion in neurology·2026

Same journal

What can we learn from eye movements in movement disorders and Parkinson's disease?

Current opinion in neurology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

Vascular cognitive impairment.

Fred Rincon¹, Clinton B Wright

¹Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurology

|December 21, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is linked to vascular disease and risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. Modifying these factors is key to preventing cognitive decline and dementia.

More Related Videos

A Mouse Model for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Based on Needle-guided Asymmetric Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis

A Mouse Model for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Based on Needle-guided Asymmetric Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis

Published on: November 22, 2024

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

A Mouse Model for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Based on Needle-guided Asymmetric Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis

A Mouse Model for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Based on Needle-guided Asymmetric Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis

Published on: November 22, 2024

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Neurology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Geriatrics

Background:

Vascular disease, including stroke, is a primary cause of cognitive dysfunction.
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses both clinically apparent and subclinical forms of cognitive decline.
Understanding the interplay between vascular risk factors and cognitive health is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current nomenclature of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) from histopathological and clinical viewpoints.
To increase practitioner awareness of the relationship between conventional and novel vascular risk factors and VCI.
To emphasize strategies for the prevention and modification of vascular risk factors contributing to VCI.

Main Methods:

Review of observational studies and clinical trials.
Analysis of histopathological and clinical data related to vascular brain injury.
Synthesis of current understanding of VCI nomenclature and risk factors.

Main Results:

Conventional risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, atrial fibrillation) are strongly associated with VCI development.
Novel risk factors, including metabolic syndrome, also contribute to cognitive dysfunction.
Targeting identified risk factors can significantly reduce the VCI burden in aging populations.

Conclusions:

VCI represents a spectrum of cognitive disorders, from mild impairment to dementia, driven by vascular brain injury.
Further research is necessary to elucidate the precise role of risk factor modification in preventing VCI and its progression.
Proactive management of vascular health is essential for preserving cognitive function and preventing dementia.