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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Mohammad Nafeli Shahrestani1,2, Hannah Gardener1,2, Emir Veledar1,2

  • 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study found that higher levels of the chemokine CXCL9 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9) are linked to white matter hyperintensities, particularly in Hispanic individuals. This suggests CXCL9 may play a role in ethnic-specific neuroinflammation and cognitive decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • The specific immunological pathways and their ethnic influences are not fully understood.
  • Previous research linked CXCL9 and CCL2 to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between serum biomarkers CXCL9 and CCL2 and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV).
  • To investigate whether these associations are modified by race and ethnicity.

Main Methods:

  • A subsample of 1179 clinically stroke-free participants from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) underwent brain MRI.
  • White matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) was quantified and divided by intracranial volume.
  • Serum levels of CXCL9 and CCL2 were measured using a bead-based immunoassay and analyzed with linear regression models, adjusted for relevant factors.

Main Results:

  • A significant association was found between higher serum CXCL9 levels and increased WMHV.
  • This association was significantly modified by race/ethnicity, being strongest in Hispanic participants.
  • CCL2 showed a weak association with WMHV, without significant ethnic differences.

Conclusions:

  • Interferon-γ-induced, angiostatic CXCL9 may be involved in the immune networks contributing to leukoaraiosis.
  • The observed ethnic modification of the CXCL9-WMHV association may help explain its link to cognitive impairment in diverse populations.