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Semiconductors

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation

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The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect. According to this equation,...

Electrical Conductivity

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Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Quantized conductance in an InSb nanowire.

Ilse van Weperen¹, Sébastien R Plissard, Erik P A M Bakkers

¹Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

|December 25, 2012

Summary

Conductance quantization was observed in Indium Antimonide (InSb) nanowires under magnetic fields. This finding is crucial for understanding topological and helical states in one-dimensional systems.

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Nanoscience

Background:

Ballistic one-dimensional transport in semiconductor nanowires is key for topological and helical states.
Conductance quantization is a characteristic feature of one-dimensional transport.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate conductance quantization in Indium Antimonide (InSb) nanowires at nonzero magnetic fields.
To analyze conductance plateaus to determine fundamental material properties.

Main Methods:

Experimental investigation of InSb nanowires.
Measurement of conductance as a function of source-drain bias and magnetic field.

Main Results:

Observed conductance quantization in InSb nanowires.
Characterized conductance plateaus to extract key parameters.

Conclusions:

Confirms the role of InSb nanowires in ballistic transport.
Enables determination of the Landé g factor and subband spacing in these systems.