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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

17.2K
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
1.5K
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

159
Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
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The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

189
The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called...
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Topological colloids.

Bohdan Senyuk1, Qingkun Liu, Sailing He

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.

Nature
|December 25, 2012
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored colloidal particles with varying topology in liquid crystals. They discovered that particle topology dictates defect formation, with topological charge conserved and obeying mathematical theorems.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Colloid science
  • Liquid crystal physics

Background:

  • Colloids are ubiquitous in nature and technology, with applications in materials science and quantum-dot solar cells.
  • Naturally occurring colloids typically possess spherical or sphere-like shapes due to surface tension minimization.
  • The influence of particle topology on colloidal systems, particularly in liquid crystals, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of colloidal particle topology in dictating topological defects within a nematic liquid crystal.
  • To fabricate and study colloidal particles with varying numbers of handles (genus g=1-5).
  • To experimentally test the conservation of topological charge and its adherence to established mathematical theorems.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of colloidal particles with controlled topology (genus 1-5).
  • Introduction of these particles into a nematic liquid crystal medium.
  • Observation and analysis of induced three-dimensional director fields and topological defects using nonlinear optical imaging.
  • Application of external fields (electric, thermal, laser tweezing) to induce structural transformations.

Main Results:

  • Colloidal particles with different topologies induce distinct three-dimensional director fields and topological defects.
  • Topological charge is conserved in these induced structures.
  • The total charge of particle-induced defects consistently follows the predictions of the Gauss-Bonnet and Poincaré-Hopf index theorems.
  • A method for assigning and summing topological charges in three-dimensional director fields was established and validated.

Conclusions:

  • Colloidal topology fundamentally influences the formation and behavior of topological defects in liquid crystals.
  • The conservation of topological charge provides a powerful tool for understanding and predicting defect behavior.
  • These findings open avenues for novel applications in topological memory devices, self-assembly, and the study of low-dimensional topology.