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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice
15:43

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Published on: March 17, 2014

Chronic candidal bronchitis: a consecutive series.

Douglas C Johnson1

  • 1Spaulding Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

The Open Respiratory Medicine Journal
|December 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent Candida in respiratory secretions, often dismissed as colonization, can cause significant illness. Antifungal treatment of chronic candidal bronchitis improved symptoms and outcomes in a case series.

Keywords:
AntifungalCandidaamphotericinbronchiectasischronic bronchitisprednisonevoriconazole

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice
15:43

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Published on: March 17, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Persistent Candida in respiratory secretions is frequently overlooked, presumed to be benign colonization.
  • This assumption may lead to undertreatment of potentially serious fungal infections.

Observation:

  • A case series identified 11 patients with chronic sputum and Candida species in respiratory cultures over 14 months.
  • Patients had prolonged sputum production (5 months to 28 years) and abnormal chest CT scans, often with bronchiectasis.

Findings:

  • Ten of 11 treated patients showed improved respiratory symptoms and sputum within 3 weeks of antifungal therapy (voriconazole, amphotericin).
  • Lack of treatment or early cessation was linked to progressive disease and one death.
  • Common fungi included Candida albicans, with co-infections involving Aspergillus and Scedosporium.

Implications:

  • Chronic candidal bronchitis is a significant cause of morbidity and responds well to antifungal treatment.
  • Extended antifungal therapy may benefit patients with chronic pulmonary Candida.
  • Current guidelines for treating Candida in respiratory secretions warrant reevaluation.