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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones
11:36

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Published on: July 25, 2019

Tumours associated with BAP1 mutations.

Rajmohan Murali1, Thomas Wiesner, Richard A Scolyer

  • 1Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. MuraliR@mskcc.org

Pathology
|January 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

BRCA1-Associated Protein 1 (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor. Mutations in BAP1 increase cancer risk, including melanoma and mesothelioma. Identifying BAP1 mutations aids in diagnosing and managing these cancers.

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Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach
08:16

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Published on: November 5, 2019

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones
11:36

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Published on: July 25, 2019

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach
08:16

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Published on: November 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • BRCA1-Associated Protein 1 (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor involved in chromatin modulation and transcriptional regulation.
  • Germline and somatic mutations in BAP1 are associated with an increased susceptibility to various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional roles of BAP1.
  • To summarize the spectrum of tumors associated with BAP1 mutations.
  • To guide pathologists and clinicians in identifying BAP1-associated tumors and potential BAP1 mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of BAP1's functional roles.
  • Compilation of data on tumors linked to BAP1 mutations.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches including immunohistochemistry (IHC) and sequencing.

Main Results:

  • BAP1 mutations are implicated in uveal melanoma, epithelioid atypical Spitz tumors, cutaneous melanoma, mesothelioma, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showing loss of nuclear BAP1 staining can indicate BAP1 inactivation.
  • Confirmation of BAP1 mutations via sequencing is recommended for equivocal IHC results.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of BAP1-associated tumors is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.
  • Pathologists should consider BAP1 testing in specific tumor types like epithelioid atypical Spitz tumors and uveal melanomas.
  • Confirmation of somatic BAP1 mutations should prompt consideration of germline testing and genetic counseling for patients and families.