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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques
13:44

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques

Published on: December 9, 2022

Journal-based learning, a new learning experience building on PBL at HKU.

M G Botelho1, E C M Lo, S Bridges

  • 1Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. botelho@hkucc.hku.hk

European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe
|January 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new journal-based learning program significantly improved dental students' understanding of research terminology and critical appraisal skills. This active-learning approach better prepared them for continuing professional development in dental research.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques
13:44

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Dental Education
  • Scientific Literacy
  • Continuing Professional Development

Background:

  • Dental students require skills to comprehend research publications for professional growth.
  • Traditional learning may not adequately prepare students for critical appraisal of dental research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness of a novel journal-based learning (JBL) program.
  • To enhance dental students' ability to understand dental research publications.
  • To prepare students for continuing professional development.

Main Methods:

  • A baseline knowledge assessment of research terms was conducted on 52 final-year BDS students.
  • 11 weekly seminars across 8 clinical disciplines utilized journal articles and guided questions.
  • Discipline experts facilitated seminars, followed by an exit test and student focus group feedback.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in mean scores from 3.5 to 11.5 on repeated questions (P < 0.001).
  • Students gained knowledge in journal classification, evidence levels, research terms, and paper structure.
  • JBL fostered a deeper understanding of research and critical appraisal skills compared to previous problem-based learning.

Conclusions:

  • Journal-based learning effectively enhanced final-year dental students' knowledge of research.
  • The program improved understanding of dental research terminologies, paper structure, and critical analysis.
  • Active-learning seminars through JBL equipped students with essential research comprehension skills.