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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Reactions of Acid Anhydrides01:19

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

The reactions of acid anhydrides are analogous to the reactions of acid chlorides and proceed via a nucleophilic acyl substitution. They only differ in the identity of the leaving group. During an acid chloride reaction, the leaving group is a chloride ion, and the by-product is hydrochloric acid. However, in an acid anhydride reaction, the leaving group is a carboxylate ion, and the by-product is a carboxylic acid.
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)acetohydrazide.

Lala Rukh Sidra1, Islam Ullah Khan, Muhammad Yar

  • 1Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a novel indole derivative, C(10)H(11)N(3)O. The research reveals specific hydrogen bonding interactions and molecular packing, forming a complex three-dimensional network.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Indole derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
  • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic compounds is crucial for predicting their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(10)H(11)N(3)O.
  • To analyze the intermolecular interactions governing the solid-state packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided insights into molecular geometry.
  • Identification and analysis of hydrogen bonds and other non-covalent interactions were performed.

Main Results:

  • The indole ring system and the acetohydrazide substituent exhibit a significant dihedral angle (87.27°).
  • Bifurcated N-H⋯(O,N) and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link molecules into zigzag chains along the 'a' crystallographic axis.
  • Additional N-H⋯O contacts and C-H⋯π interactions further stabilize the structure, forming a 3D network.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of C(10)H(11)N(3)O is characterized by specific dihedral angles and extensive hydrogen bonding.
  • These interactions result in a robust three-dimensional molecular network.
  • The findings provide a foundation for understanding the structure-property relationships of this indole derivative.