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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
Gastrointestinal Effects: Antimuscarinics reduce gut contractions, increase gastric emptying, and slow intestinal transit. They partly inhibit gastric acid secretion...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
Reversible agents containing quaternary amines, such as neostigmine and edrophonium, are not easily absorbed orally because they are...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...

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Quinolin-3-amine.

Arun M Islor1, B Chandrakantha, Prakash Shetty

  • 1National Institute of Technology-Karnataka, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, India.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of the achiral compound C(9)H(8)N(2) reveals molecules linked by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains. These chains are further stabilized by weak intermolecular N-H⋯π interactions, influencing the overall crystal packing.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Solid-state chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides insights into intermolecular forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the achiral compound C(9)H(8)N(2).
  • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonds (N-H⋯N) and other non-covalent interactions (N-H⋯π).

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C(9)H(8)N(2) was successfully determined.
  • Molecules are organized into zigzag chains along the [100] direction via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
  • Weak intermolecular N-H⋯π interactions were identified, contributing to crystal stabilization.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal packing of C(9)H(8)N(2) is primarily dictated by a combination of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and N-H⋯π interactions.
  • These interactions lead to the formation of robust zigzag supramolecular chains, influencing the material's solid-state architecture.