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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

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5,6-Dimethyl-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile.

Ghasem Rezanejade Bardajee¹, Alan J Lough, Mitchell A Winnik

¹Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 4, 2013

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of C(8)H(6)N(4), revealing two nearly planar molecules within its asymmetric unit. The crystal was identified as a non-merohedral twin, indicating a specific crystallographic arrangement.

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Solid-state chemistry

Background:

The study focuses on the crystallographic analysis of organic compounds.
Understanding molecular arrangements in crystals is crucial for material science.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the crystal structure of the compound C(8)H(6)N(4).
To analyze the molecular geometry and packing within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to collect diffraction data.
The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.

Main Results:

The asymmetric unit contains two independent, nearly planar molecules of C(8)H(6)N(4).
Root-mean-square deviations for planarity were calculated as 0.026 and 0.030 Å.
The crystal was characterized as a non-merohedral twin with a specific component ratio of 0.513:0.487.

Conclusions:

The crystallographic data provides precise information on the molecular structure and arrangement of C(8)H(6)N(4).
The presence of a non-merohedral twin highlights the complexity of crystal formation for this compound.