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Related Concept Videos

The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
10:53

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Published on: September 17, 2013

The musculoskeletal function assessment: establishing normative data.

Jessica C McMichael1, Heidi Israel, Berton R Moed

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. mcmichjc@slu.edu

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
|January 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New research indicates that healthy adults in the Midwest report poorer musculoskeletal function than previously established reference values. This suggests current Musculoskeletal Function Assessment data may need updating due to geographic or temporal factors.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Musculoskeletal Health
  • Health Outcomes Assessment

Background:

  • Historically, clinical scores were used for orthopedic surgery outcomes.
  • Functional outcomes are now the primary measure in musculoskeletal disorder assessment.
  • The Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) is a validated patient-reported health status questionnaire.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish current, normative reference values for the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) in a healthy adult population.
  • To compare current MFA data with previously published 1999 reference values.
  • To investigate potential influences of temporal and geographic factors on MFA normative data.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, observational study was conducted over 2 years.
  • 406 healthy adults were randomly selected within a 100-mile radius of a midwestern city.
  • Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) questionnaires were administered, with data stratified by gender, age, and BMI.

Main Results:

  • Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) scores in the current study population were significantly higher (indicating poorer function) across all demographics compared to 1999 data.
  • This difference suggests a decline in self-reported musculoskeletal function in the studied population.
  • The findings highlight potential inaccuracies in the original 1999 reference data.

Conclusions:

  • Current healthy adult populations exhibit poorer baseline musculoskeletal function than previously reported.
  • Normative data for the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) may be influenced by temporal and/or geographic conditions.
  • Functional outcome assessment is a dynamic process requiring periodic reevaluation and updating of normative data.