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Updated: May 15, 2026

Laser Microirradiation to Study In Vivo Cellular Responses to Simple and Complex DNA Damage

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Published on: January 31, 2018

Poly(ADP-ribose): PARadigms and PARadoxes.

Alexander Bürkle¹, László Virág

¹Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine

|January 8, 2013

Summary

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) research has evolved, revealing new activation mechanisms and diverse biological roles beyond DNA damage. Key discoveries challenge previous understandings of PARP enzymes and their interactions.

Keywords:

Apoptosis Calcium Cell death Chromatin structure DNA repair Kinase Mitochondria Necrosis Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase Signaling Transcription

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Cellular Signaling

Background:

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a crucial posttranslational protein modification (PTM) catalyzed by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family.
PARPs utilize NAD(+) to synthesize poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains on acceptor proteins, which are subsequently degraded by PARG and ARH3.
Recent advancements have significantly broadened the understanding of PARylation's biological significance and operational mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review paradigm shifts in PARylation research, encompassing expanded enzyme families and activation pathways.
To explore novel molecular mechanisms of PARP action beyond covalent modification.
To highlight controversial aspects and diverse roles of PARylation in cellular processes and disease.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature and key discoveries in PARylation research.
Analysis of paradigm shifts in understanding PARP enzyme families and activation mechanisms.
Discussion of emerging molecular mechanisms and biological functions of PARylation.

Main Results:

The PARP family has expanded, with diverse DNA-dependent and independent activation mechanisms identified.
PARP function extends beyond covalent modification to include protein-protein interactions and NAD(+) pool modulation.
PARP-1 is recognized as a moonlighting protein with numerous biological functions beyond DNA damage sensing.

Conclusions:

PARylation is a dynamic process with multifaceted roles in cellular regulation.
Controversial areas include the synergistic effects of PARP-1 and PARG, mitochondrial PARylation, and cross-talk with signaling pathways.
PARylation plays divergent roles in longevity and age-related diseases, warranting further investigation.