Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Expression of Concern to: Lentivirus mediated silencing of Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 39 inhibits cell proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro.

Biological research·2018
Same author

The combined therapeutic effects of <sup>131</sup>iodine-labeled multifunctional copper sulfide-loaded microspheres in treating breast cancer.

Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B·2018
Same author

Robot-assisted sacral tumor resection: a preliminary study.

BMC musculoskeletal disorders·2018
Same author

Phenological responses to nitrogen and water addition are linked to plant growth patterns in a desert herbaceous community.

Ecology and evolution·2018
Same author

Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel TSPO PET Ligand 2-(7-Butyl-2-(4-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidin-3-yl)-N,N-Diethylacetamide (<sup>18</sup>F-VUIIS1018A) to Image Glioma.

Molecular imaging and biology·2018
Same author

High-performance reoxygenation from PLGA-PEG/PFOB emulsions: a feedback relationship between ROS and HIF-1α.

International journal of nanomedicine·2018
Same journal

Neutrophil elastase-SERPINB1 axis in epithelial responses: Cell death, inflammation and SERPINB1 dynamics.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Phillyrin alleviates pulmonary fibrosis via modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

m6A modification of LINC00458 enhances HMOX1 stability via ELAVL1 recruitment to promote ferroptosis and aggravate asthma.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Overexpression of Hes1 inhibits cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in AT2 cells by activating the Pgc-1α/Tfam signaling pathway.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Progesterone promotes favorable pregnancy outcomes in recurrent spontaneous, abortion by attenuating NK Cell overactivation and upregulating the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling axis.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Oleanolic acid alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting liver macrophage recruitment and polarization.

Molecular immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins
11:25

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Published on: October 4, 2017

IgG2 disulfide isoform conversion kinetics.

Yaoqing Diana Liu1, Tian Wang, Robert Chou

  • 1Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.

Molecular Immunology
|January 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human IgG2 antibodies convert between disulfide isoforms in vivo, a process accurately modeled in vitro. Light chain differences influence IgG2 isoform conversion rates and final in vivo distribution.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals
05:59

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins
11:25

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Published on: October 4, 2017

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals
05:59

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Protein Chemistry

Background:

  • Human IgG2 antibodies exist as three disulfide isoforms (IgG2-A, IgG2-A/B, IgG2-B) based on Fab arm disulfide linkage to the hinge region.
  • Observed changes in IgG2 isoform levels in vivo suggest a conversion process: IgG2-A → IgG2-A/B → IgG2-B.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinetics of IgG2 disulfide isoform conversion in vitro under physiological conditions.
  • To validate an in vitro model for studying blood redox reactions and IgG2 isoform dynamics.
  • To explore the influence of light chain differences on IgG2 isoform conversion rates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a flow-through dialysis system to study IgG2 isoform conversion kinetics in vitro.
  • Compared in vitro conversion kinetics with in vivo observations for IgG2κ antibodies.
  • Analyzed conversion rates of IgG2-A → IgG2-A/B and IgG2-A/B → IgG2-B for both IgG2κ and IgG2λ antibodies.

Main Results:

  • In vitro conversion kinetics closely matched in vivo data for IgG2κ antibodies, confirming isoform conversion as the primary driver of observed changes.
  • The IgG2-A → IgG2-A/B conversion rate was similar for both IgG2κ and IgG2λ antibodies.
  • IgG2κ showed slower IgG2-A/B → IgG2-B conversion compared to IgG2-A → IgG2-A/B, while IgG2λ exhibited minimal IgG2-A/B → IgG2-B conversion.

Conclusions:

  • The study validates the physiological model for studying blood redox reactions and confirms that in vivo IgG2 isoform changes result from interconversion, not differential clearance.
  • Differences in the C-terminus of light chain sequences significantly impact IgG2 disulfide isoform conversion kinetics.
  • These light chain variations ultimately influence the distribution of IgG2 disulfide isoforms produced in vivo.