Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

33.2K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
33.2K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

24.8K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
24.8K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

4.5K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
4.5K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

1.2K
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
1.2K
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.5K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
1.5K
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

73
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
73

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Biphasic MERS-CoV Incidence in Nomadic Dromedaries with Putative Transmission to Humans, Kenya, 2022-2023.

Emerging infectious diseases·2024
Same author

Distinct phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 in human primary cells but no increased host range in cell lines of putative mammalian reservoir species.

Virus research·2024
Same author

Clinical epidemiology, determinants, and outcomes of viral encephalitis in Ghana; a cross-sectional study.

PloS one·2024
Same author

Immunogenetic-pathogen networks shrink in Tome's spiny rat, a generalist rodent inhabiting disturbed landscapes.

Communications biology·2024
Same author

Humoral immune escape by current SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.2.86 and JN.1, December 2023.

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin·2024
Same author

Deep RNA sequencing of muscle tissue reveals absence of viral signatures in dermatomyositis.

Free neuropathology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
12:20

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

22.2K

Roadblocks to translational challenges on viral pathogenesis.

Steven Deeks1, Christian Drosten, Louis Picker

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. sdeeks@php.ucsf.edu

Nature Medicine
|January 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Translational research in viral pathogenesis faces significant hurdles. Identifying these key obstacles is crucial for developing new therapies and cures for human viral diseases.

More Related Videos

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

6.3K
In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
08:58

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells

Published on: May 1, 2019

14.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
12:20

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

22.2K
Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

6.3K
In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
08:58

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells

Published on: May 1, 2019

14.2K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Translational Medicine
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Basic research in viral pathogenesis often fails to translate into effective clinical therapies.
  • Significant barriers hinder the implementation of potential solutions in healthcare settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To recognize and discuss current challenges in various fields of viral research.
  • To identify solutions and propose an agenda for addressing translational barriers in virology.
  • To outline pressing unmet research and clinical needs in the field of human viral diseases.

Main Methods:

  • An interactive meeting was organized as part of the "Herrenhausen Symposia" series.
  • Researchers from various fields of viral research participated in the discussion.
  • Key obstacles and unmet needs were identified through expert consensus.

Main Results:

  • Distinct roadblocks prevent the translation of basic viral pathogenesis findings into therapies.
  • The meeting identified critical unmet research and clinical needs.
  • An agenda was proposed to address translational barriers in viral disease research.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying key obstacles is a necessary step towards the prevention and cure of human viral diseases.
  • Addressing translational barriers is essential for advancing clinical applications in virology.
  • Collaboration and focused research are needed to overcome challenges in viral disease treatment.