Other physical consequences of disability

Prevention of secondary complications of neurological disease is important in minimizing impairment and maximizing the long-term activity and participation of individuals. Immobility in itself has a range of adverse effects on the body and its functioning, which are outlined. A number of complications commonly encountered in the rehabilitation of individuals after neurological disease are discussed in more detail: osteoporosis, pressure ulcers, venous thromboembolism, and heterotopic ossification. For each of these, definitions/classifications, prevalence/incidence rates, diagnosis, prevention, and management are discussed. Every effort is made to provide information specific to the rehabilitation of neurological conditions and the evidence base behind practice is emphasized, with up-to-date references. Nutrition has also been shown to affect functional outcomes in a number of neurological conditions and the main issues in the rehabilitation setting are outlined. Tremor and ataxia are significant causes of limitation of activity and participation in individuals affected, and assessment and management of these are briefly discussed.